In 1987, George Howard published the text of a Hebrew Gospel of Matthew contained in a fourteenth-century Jewish polemical treatise entitled Evan Bohan authored by Shem-Tob ben-Isaac ben-Shaprut. In his analysis of Shem-Tob's Hebrew Matthew, Howard demonstrates convincingly that the Shem-Tob text should not be considered a fourteenth-century back-translation from Greek or Latin traditions, but concludes that within the Shem-Tob text of Matthew is contained an ancient Hebrew substratum which dates back to early times, and indeed, represents an original composition in Hebrew of Matthew's Gospel. In a subsequent study, Howard compared the text of Shem-Tob against that of Codex Sinaiticus, finding five readings that Shem-Tob shares with only Sinaiticus and four more that are shared with Sinaiticus and a few other minor witnesses, strongly suggesting that Shem-Tob does indeed contain ancient readings. Using a similar methodology, this article will explore the textual relationship between Shem-Tob's Hebrew Matthew and the third-century papyrus 45.